Effect of SMAW heat input variations on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SS400 low-carbon steel
Keywords:
Head input, SMAW, SS400 steel, Microstructure, Tensile strength, Yield strengthAbstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of heat input variation in the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SS400 low-carbon steel. The heat input variations used in this research were 1.24 kJ/mm, 1.84 kJ/mm, and 2.20 kJ/mm. The conducted tests included microstructural analysis using metallographic techniques and tensile testing to determine the relationship between welding parameters and material characteristics. The results show that heat input variation significantly influences changes in ferrite and pearlite phases with a 95% confidence level. At the lowest heat input of 1.24 kJ/mm, fine ferrite grains and uniformly distributed pearlite were formed, resulting in the highest mechanical performance, with a tensile strength of 466.11 MPa and a yield strength of 345.89 MPa. Increasing the heat input to 1.84 kJ/mm and 2.20 kJ/mm caused grain coarsening and a reduction in pearlite fraction, which led to a decrease in tensile strength by approximately 0.08– 0.10% and a decline in yield strength by 16.7–41.39%. These conditions caused the material to become softer and more susceptible to plastic deformation. Based on the findings, the optimal heat input to achieve the best joint strength for SS400 steel using the SMAW process is 1.24 kJ/mm. This study provides important insights for optimizing welding parameters to improve the strength and reliability of welded joints in construction and manufacturing applications.
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