From algorithms to crime: A criminal law analysis of the use of bots to manipulate public opinion
Keywords:
Criminal law, internet bots, data manipulation, public opinion, ITE lawAbstract
The development of information and communication technology has brought about various innovations in the digital space, including the use of bots, or automated programs, on the internet. However, the emergence of bots does not always have a positive impact. The phenomenon of the massive use of bots to manipulate data and shape public opinion on social media has become a serious issue in the context of criminal law. This study aims to analyze criminal liability for the use of bots for manipulative purposes and examine the relevance of national criminal law provisions in addressing this practice. The research method used is a normative juridical approach, by examining applicable laws and regulations, legal literature, and relevant cases. The analysis shows that the use of bots to spread false information, conduct cyberattacks, or manipulate public opinion can be classified as a criminal offense under the provisions of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE), as amended by Law Number 19 of 2016, and can be linked to the Criminal Code (KUHP), specifically regarding the crimes of fraud, slander, and unlawful acts that harm others. Furthermore, the lack of specific regulations regarding bots in Indonesian positive law presents unique challenges for law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening criminal law regulations and policies that explicitly govern the use of automated systems in cyberspace is necessary to ensure protection of data integrity, healthy freedom of expression, and fairness in the digital ecosystem.
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