The evolution of sentencing paradigms: From retribution to restoration in modern criminal law
Keywords:
Sentencing, Retribution, Restorative JusticeAbstract
This study examines the evolution of sentencing paradigms from a retributive justice orientation toward a restorative justice approach in modern criminal law. The retributive approach, dominant since the classical era, emphasizes punishment as a proportional response to legal violations, focusing on the offender and the offense committed. Over time, this paradigm has faced criticism for its limited effectiveness in reducing crime rates and for neglecting the interests of victims. The shift toward a restorative paradigm places victims, offenders, and communities as active participants in resolving criminal cases through dialogue, mediation, and other mechanisms aimed at repairing harm and restoring social relationships. This research employs a normative legal method with historical, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze the driving factors behind the paradigm shift and its implementation in Indonesia and several other countries. The findings indicate that the restorative paradigm offers a more humanistic and participatory form of justice, though its application continues to face structural, cultural, and regulatory challenges.
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