Environmental housing conditions of tuberculosis patients in a tidal-flooded area: Evidence from one of the world’s second-highest tb-burden countries
Keywords:
Tuberculosis, Environmental health, Housing conditionsAbstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the world’s second leading infectious killer after COVID-19, with Indonesia ranking as the second-highest TB-burden country globally. Environmental home conditions play a critical role in the persistence and transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially in high-risk communities affected by tidal flooding (rob). Objective: This study aimed to assess the environmental housing characteristics of TB patients living in tidal-flood–affected areas in Pekalongan, Indonesia. Methods: A descriptive quantitative study was conducted using total sampling of 25 households of confirmed TB patients. Environmental assessments included occupancy density, ventilation area, humidity, indoor temperature, lighting, and floor type. Measurements were performed using standardized and calibrated instruments (thermo-hygrometer, lux meter, and measuring tape). Data were analyzed using univariate statistics (mean, SD, and frequency distribution). Results: The findings indicated that 96% of TB patients lived in substandard housing conditions. Humidity was the most critical issue, with 100% of homes exceeding recommended limits. Ventilation did not meet standards in 92% of households, while 84% had unacceptable indoor temperatures. Inadequate lighting was found in 64% of homes. Although 92% had waterproof flooring, the overall housing conditions remained poor due to structural and environmental challenges posed by tidal flooding. Conclusion: Most TB patients in tidal-flooded areas live in environments that do not meet healthy housing standards. Environmental factors, including ventilation, humidity, temperature, and lighting, play substantial roles in TB transmission and persistence. These findings highlight the need for integrated public health and environmental interventions tailored to coastal and flood-prone communities.
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