Performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with palm oil-based biodiesel blends
Keywords:
Palm oil biodiesel, Renewable energy, Diesel engine performance, Exhaust emission, Sustainable fuelAbstract
The availability of fossil fuels is increasingly depleting, so it is necessary to develop alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly. This study aims to evaluate biodiesel as an alternative to fossil fuels and examine the performance and exhaust emissions of this fuel in motor vehicles. One of the alternative fuels evaluated is a mixture of biodiesel derived from pure palm oil (B100) and fuel oil, with compositions ranging from B0 to B60. The mixing procedure was carried out using a stirrer at a certain rotational speed. Performance testing was carried out using the dyno test method, while exhaust emission testing (opacity) was carried out using a smoke meter on a four-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. The fuel variations studied included: B0, B30, B40, B50, and B60. Performance testing was carried out at engine speeds between 2000 rpm and 6000 rpm, in multiples of 1000 rpm. The results of the B40 fuel test produced optimal performance, achieving a maximum torque of 101.6 Nm and a maximum power of 53.1 Hp. Exhaust gas opacity tests showed that B40 exhibited a low opacity of 2.1% at low engine speeds. This demonstrates B40's potential as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative fuel for direct-injection diesel engines.
References
[1] Bagaskara A., “Indonesia Energy Transition Outlook 2023,” Jakarta, 2022. [Online]. Available: www.irena.org
[2] I. C. Setiawan and M. Setiyo, “Renewable and Sustainable Green Diesel (D100) for Achieving Net Zero Emission in Indonesia Transportation Sector,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–2, 2022. doi: 10.31603/ae.6895.
[3] K. WinangunY. WinardiI. PuspitasariN. S. AkhmadR. D. Ardikaand S. Ozer, “Reducing Exhaust Emissions from Palm Oil Biodiesel Diesel Engines by Adding Hydrogen Gas,” Automotive Experiences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 502–512, 2024. doi: 10.31603/ae.12404.
[4] K. WinangunA. SetiyawanB. SudarmantaI. Puspitasariand E. L. Dewi, “Investigation on the properties of a biodiesel-hydrogen mixture on the combustion characteristics of a diesel engine,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 8, p. 100445, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100445.
[5] J. Liu and J. Liu, “Experimental investigation of the effect of ammonia substitution ratio on an ammonia-diesel dual-fuel engine performance,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623044323
[6] W. Ai and H. M. Cho, “Predictive Models for Biodiesel Performance and Emission Characteristics in Diesel Engines: A Review,” 2024, mdpi.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/19/4805
[7] G. AnjaneyaS. SunilN. K. ManjunathaJ. Giriand ..., “Performance analysis and optimization of thermal barrier coated piston diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel using RSM,” 2024, Elsevier. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X24003824
[8] V. Kumar and A. K. Choudhary, “A comparative review on evaluation of performance , combustion , and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends enriched with hydrogen , additives and their combined effect,” vol. 46, no. September, 2023..
[9] R. N. BhagatK. B. SahuS. K. Ghadaiand C. B. Kumar, “A review of performance and emissions of diesel engine operating on dual fuel mode with hydrogen as gaseous fuel,” International Journal of …, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319923013745
[10] C. VijaiD. B. MN. B. MS. RS. SS. VK. P. Kand H. Alemayehu, “Optimizing combustion efficiency and emission reduction in low temperature combustion engines using biodiesel-nano additive alcohol blends: A review,” Results in Engineering, vol. 27, no. December 2024, p. 106175, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106175.
[11] R. Sathyamurthy, “Case Studies in Thermal Engineering Thermal performance , emission and combustion characteristics of Manilkara Zapota seed oil biodiesel with hydrogen enrichment in CRDI diesel engine — An experimental approach,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 74, no. March 2024, p. 106852, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.106852.
[12] C. SelvamY. DevarajanA. K. DashS. Saxenaand ..., “Improving diesel engine performance with hydrogen-fumigated soapnut biodiesel,” 2025, Elsevier. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259012302502359X
[13] G. M. Lionus LeoR. JayabalA. Kathapillaiand S. Sekar, “Performance and emissions optimization of a dual-fuel diesel engine powered by cashew nut shell oil biodiesel/hydrogen gas using response surface methodology,” Fuel, vol. 384, no. December 2024, p. 133960, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133960.
[14] M. ElkelawyH. A. E. Bastawissiand ..., “Enhancing Biodiesel/Diesel blended Fuel Quality: A Comparative Study of Commercial Additives in Direct Injection Diesel Engine,” Pharos Engineering …, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://journals.ekb.eg/article_415587.html
[15] R. KumarS. VelmurugunS. KumarM. Ponnusamyand M. Jayavel, “Production of rubber seed oil biodiesel using biomass derived catalyst and engine performance , combustion and emission characteristics with hydrogen dual fuel and alumina additive,” Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 286, no. November 2025, p. 129402, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129402.
[16] S. B. OgunjideW. ZhongT. Pachiannanand Y. Zhu, “Results in Engineering Review article A review of combustion , performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engines fueled with n-pentanol blends for agricultural use,” vol. 27, no. July, 2025..
[17] S. Mehra and A. K. Agarwal, “Advanced NOx mitigation strategies in dimethyl ether-fuelled internal combustion engines,” vol. 402, no. November 2024, 2025..
[18] X. WangJ. HuangX. LeiX. YueL. Zhangand S. Li, “Advanced NOx emission modeling for diesel trucks : Incorporating exhaust temperature and load dynamics,” no. February, 2025..
Downloads
Published
Conference Proceedings Volume
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.