Deep learning as a strengthener of the Kurikulum Merdeka: A systematic review and comparative evaluation of implementation

Abstract

This systematic review examines the role of deep learning as a strengthening approach within the Merdeka Curriculum and evaluates its comparative effectiveness against the regular implementation of the curriculum. As the Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes flexibility, student agency, and competency-based learning, the integration of deep learning offers the potential to deepen students’ conceptual understanding, enhance critical and creative thinking, and promote meaningful, long-term learning experiences. However, research comparing the regular Kurikulum Merdeka with versions enriched by deep learning-based pedagogical frameworks remains limited and dispersed. This review synthesizes empirical studies, conceptual papers, and implementation reports published between 2015 and 2025 to provide a comprehensive analysis of how deep learning principles such as higher-order thinking, reflective learning, inquiry-based tasks, and authentic assessment contribute to improved curriculum outcomes. A total of selected studies meeting PRISMA criteria were analyzed to evaluate implementation strategies, learner outcomes, teacher readiness, and curricular alignment. Findings indicate that learning environments employing deep learning approaches demonstrate stronger evidence of student engagement, deeper conceptual mastery, and improved transfer of knowledge across contexts. Conversely, the regular Kurikulum Merdeka, while effective in promoting autonomy and foundational competencies, often shows inconsistencies in depth of cognitive processing due to varied teacher capacity, uneven resource allocation, and limited digital literacy integration. Comparative evaluation reveals that deep learning acts as an enhancer of Kurikulum Merdeka by strengthening its core philosophy of meaningful learning and providing structured pathways for higher-order cognitive development. The review concludes that integrating deep learning into the Kurikulum Merdeka holds significant promise for elevating instructional quality and student outcomes. However, successful implementation requires systematic teacher training, supportive school ecosystems, and alignment with national assessment reforms.