Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of stingless bee (Trigona sp.) hive waste: Temporal variation and its potential as a natural sunscreen
Keywords:
Sunscreen, Stingless bee hive, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, Trigona spAbstract
This study investigated the use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) on Stingless (Trigona sp.) beehive waste and evaluated its potential as a sunscreen. Samples were extracted at 30, 60, and 90 minutes using ultrasonic irradiation. The extract was then filtered and concentrated. Phytochemical screening was carried out using color reagents, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, IR spectrophotometry, and GC-MS analysis. The sunscreen activity was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer within the 290-320 nm wavelength range, and SPF values were subsequently calculated according to the Mansur equation. The results showed that UAE extract, when exposed for 60 minutes, produced the highest yield of 17.03%, while 30 and 90 minutes produced yields of 9.03% and 13.50%, respectively. Phytochemicals identification demonstrated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The UV spectrum exhibited distinct peaks at approximately 230 nm and 250-300 nm. FTIR analysis of the extract detected -OH, aliphatic C-H, C=O, C-OH, and -COOR groups. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of compounds such as terpenoids, alcohols, fatty acids, and esters. SPF measurements of the 60-minute extract had the highest SPF value of 24.260, thereby classifying it within the ultra-protection category. In summary, ultrasonic extraction provides an effective approach for extracting bioactive compounds from Stingless beehive waste, and the resulting extract exhibits significant potential as a natural sunscreen.
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