Simulation of emissions and costs of palm empty fruit bunch cofiring in coal fired power plants based on life cycle assessment and life cycle costing
Keywords:
Cofiring, Emissions, Life cycle assessment, Life cycle costing, EFB biomassAbstract
The utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) through cofiring schemes supports Indonesia’s energy transition toward a cleaner and more sustainable electricity system. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), a major residue of palm oil processing, present substantial potential for renewable fuel applications. The environmental and economic implications of EFB pellet cofiring are examined using an integrated Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) approach. The LCA covers cultivation, processing, transport, combustion, and waste management, providing a complete view of emissions. The LCC estimates total fuel cycle costs and simulates carbon pricing scenarios relevant to national policy. Results show that 5% EFB cofiring reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 13.13% (1.46 tCO₂e per ton fuel) and lowers fuel costs by 6.55% (IDR 56.47/kWh), especially when EFB follows the government’s biomass benchmark price (HPT– Harga Patokan Tertinggi). Emission reduction yields a carbon value of IDR 43,695 per ton fuel, monetizable through carbon tax or trading schemes. Sensitivity analysis indicates that feasibility depends on biomass and carbon price variations. EFB cofiring thus offers a technically and economically viable solution with measurable environmental benefits, contributing to a circular, low-carbon energy system in Indonesia.
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